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Search in WDR 2003 Web: Search WDR 2003 Search Documents Search All Resources         Purchase a hardcopy >>       -How to Order     -Geographic Discounts WDR 2003 - Table of Contents Cover and Copyright Information Overview Acknowledgments Foreword Acronyms and abbreviations Glossary of words Roadmap to World Development Report 2003 Chapter 1: Achievements and Challenges Introduction The Core Development Challenge Windows of Opportunity Opportunities in the Demographic Transition Opportunities in the Urban Transition Seeing the socioeconomic transformation in spatial terms Act now - for long-term problems Endnotes Chapter 2: Managing a Broader Portfolio of Assets Introduction Sustainability - an evolving framework What is meant by sustainability? Not a steady-state concept Proceeding with caution Measuring sustainability Green accounting Adjusted net savings A system of indicators The importance of a range of assets Why the need to manage a broader portfolio of assets? The complementarity of assets Assets and diminishing returns Limits to substitutability among assets The consequences of ignoring the complementarity of environmental assets and breaching thresholds Tradeoffs and sustainable development Balancing objectives and choosing how to act Case 1. Win-win: preserve natural assets and keep growing Case 2. Tradeoff: place more weight on economic growth and only address low-cost environmental concerns Case 3. Tradeoff: place more weight on the environment Some assets are overused or underprovided - why? Market failures Policy failures The costs and benefits of correcting underprovision or overuse Complications arising from long time-horizons and uncertainty Correcting the overuse or underprovision of important assets Addressing market failures Regulations - command and control Using markets - taxes and subsidies Creating markets: property rights and trading permits Engaging the public: publicizing and sharing information Addressing policy failures Endnotes Chapter 3: Institutions for Sustainable Development Introduction Institutions coordinating human behavior Market players Government Civil society Institutions protecting assets Picking up signals, balancing interests, and implementing decisions Picking up signals Balancing alternatives-and interests Executing decisions Feedback - by and for institutions Overcoming barriers to coordination Organizing dispersed interests Forging credible commitments Promoting inclusiveness Importance of voice Protecting people - and the emergence of protective institutions for assets What does inclusiveness in access to assets have to do with sustainable development? Catalysts for change Opportunities Information and forums as catalysts for change A spatial approach Endnotes Chapter 4: Improving Livelihoods on Fragile Lands Inclusion, innovation and migration Managing fragile land to improve livelihoods Rapid population growth, fragile land, and conflict Living on the edge-the arid plains Rain, floods, or drought? Africa, north and south of the Sahara The Asian drylands: Managing competing land-use pressures Combating desertification and a way forward for the drylands Living on a precipice-the mountains Mountain transformations Mountain resources: Forests, minerals, biodiversity, and sustainable livelihoods Nurturing assets by listening-and by enabling communities to act Nurturing women's human capital Transforming institutions and individuals: The role of leadership Building on traditional social capital Solving collective action problems in the community Support from the top Scaling up community-driven initiatives The use of nonrenewable local resources-balancing interests Balancing interests among governments, companies, and communities Governments Companies Communities Deeper institutional support Partnering for change Combining know-how, information, and grass-roots understanding Nurturing assets in the community. . . the nation . . . and the world Endnotes Chapter 5: Transforming Institutions on Agricultural Land Introduction Land and water constraints Global food abundance, yet hungry poor Land degradation-also a poverty problem Land and water: Serious regional scarcities globally abundant Eliminating rural poverty and preparing outmigrants Breaking the poverty cycle and preparing outmigrants Governance and the distribution of rural assets Increasing the value of smallholders' assets How deep institutional structures impede research on the needs of poor smallholders Poverty and the precautionary principle Intensifying the use of land Intensifying the use of water Getting ahead of the frontier Weak institutions to support communities and protect biodiversity Getting institutions ahead of the frontier Major institutional needs to establish protected areas ahead of the frontier Conclusion Getting ahead of the frontier Intensifying agricultural production Eliminating rural poverty and preparing outmigrants Endnotes Chapter 6: Getting the Best from Cities Introduction City lights: beacons of hope and warning flares The role of cities in sustainable development Building informed constituencies to address spillovers and anticipate risks Credible information and incentives-curbing air pollution Creating constituencies-for clean water and wastewater management Mobilizing dispersed interests to anticipate problems-preventing and managing disasters Balancing interests to provide urban public goods Balancing private and public interests in land use and committing to priorities in the public interest Balancing competing interests for accessibility Reaching a consensus and compensating losers-sanitary solid waste disposal Finding voice for dispersed interests-drainage Inclusion and access to assets: Challenging the institutional roots of urban slums Geographical and environmental manifestations of exclusion Empowerment through access to assets: security of tenure Institutions for sustainable urban development Empowering the appropriate level of actors and ensuring coordination Building consensus and strategies for sustainable urban development Promoting institutional learning and leadership through networks Conclusion Endnotes Chapter 7: Strengthening National Coordination Introduction Promoting inclusiveness Fostering access to assets and services Strengthening voice Creating a sound investment climate Attending to maroeconomic fundamentals Strengthening the operation of government Providing basic infrastructure Managing the environment Dismantling perverse subsidies Getting the most from forests-governance, markets, and partnerships Getting the most from fisheries-overcoming the tragedy of the commons and improving information Curbing air pollution at the national level: the role of information Managing natural resources and using aid effectively Natural resources-blessing or curse? Ensuring that aid does not make government less accountable Averting violent conflict Natural resources and civil war Extreme poverty, inclusiveness, and civil war Conclusion Endnotes Chapter 8: Global Problems and Local Concerns Introduction Designing institutions to solve global problems Pick up signals of the problem and agree on its nature Learning and adapting Build local capacity for assessment, negotiation, and action Reconcile domestic and international interests-with commitments and cash Standards, certification, and performance reporting-inducing socially responsible behavior Conserving biodiversity: Maintaining current services and future options The scale of the problem What drives ecosystem degradation? Who has an interest in maintaining ecosystems? Biodiversity as a global public good Landscape approaches to biodiversity conservation: Ecosystems meet social systems Aquatic ecosystem management Commons in transition Fragmented habitats with less-disputed tenure Equity and efficiency in blending development and conservation Mitigating and adapting to risks of climate change Consequences and causes of climate change Mitigating climate change Act now to reduce today's emissions Act now to reduce emissions over the medium and long terms International cooperation to reduce emissions Adapting to climate change Conclusion Endnotes Chapter 9: Pathways to a Sustainable Future Introduction Acting today Institutional and sectoral approaches are complementary Picking up signals early Balancing interests Implementing Ensuring greater inclusion Ongoing dialogue: a global vision and accord A global vision A global accord Main responsibilities of developing countries Main responsibilities of developed countries Joint responsibilities of developing and developed countries Ongoing dialogue: some open questions When is consumption overconsumption? What is the future of agriculture and genetically modified organisms? How to balance interests and avoid the race for property rights at the intellectual frontier? What are the prospects for global migration? Endnotes Bibliographical note Boxes 2.1 Not yet able to fully duplicate natural processes 2.2 Indicators for measuring sustainability—a subset 2.3 The Aral Sea—the cost of ignoring the role of an environmental asset 2.4 How keeping the option value of assets can make a serious difference 2.5 Catastrophic ecoshifts 2.6 Replacing natural assets with human-made assets can be costly 2.7 Perverse subsidies in India 2.8 World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment 3.1 The market as a coordination mechanism 3.2 Assets, threats, and protection 3.3 Natural assets decline when protective institutions are weak 3.4 Democracy and environmental policy: picking up signals, shifting the balance 3.5 Local negotiations balance interests and commit parties to clean up Colombia’s rivers 3.6 Policy accountability and accountable rulemaking 3.7 When protective institutions fail: the collapse of Enron and Newfoundland’s cod fisheries 3.8 Fostering inclusiveness: South Africa’s new democracy 3.9 Mutual reinforcement: environmental movements and democracy 3.10 Inequality: its long tails in the Americas 4.1 From degrading soils to degrading water—managing natural assets on the Southern Plains 4.2 Traditional knowledge and voice: sustaining livelihoods on the grasslands of the Sahel 4.3 Balancing public and private goods: biodiversity and coffee production in Chiapas 4.4 What worked then (Europe, 1900) is much harder now (developing countries, 2000) 4.5 Addressing risks, changing institutions, and reaching subsistence families in Tunisia 4.6 “Cultural translators” as catalysts to upgrade livelihoods in Ait Iktel, Morocco 4.7 Learning to balance interests: two big mines in the Andes 5.1 More food, greater intensity of land use, fewer farmers per urban resident 5.2 Poverty, equitable growth, and path dependency 5.3 Land distribution and path dependency 5.4 Breaking out through zais and tassas—low-input traditional technologies 5.5 Breaking out through fertilizer: the next green revolution? 5.6 Science, technology, and institutions to solve the challenge of nature: obsolete pesticide stockpiles in Africa 5.7 The precautionary principle 5.8 Institutional commitment and African agriculture: lessons from Asia and South America 5.9 Weakening the interest of landholders in unproductive land 5.10 The race for water—and land—and the displacement of the poor 5.11 Water parliaments in France 5.12 The Amazon rancher’s decision to deforest 5.13 Brazil: getting ahead of the frontier 6.1 The focus of “urban” in this chapter 6.2 How social networks help the urban poor manage risks and get ahead 6.3 Political reform and stakeholder alliances overturning pollution 6.4 Meeting environmental, social, and economic objectives through urban transport strategy in Bogotá 6.5 Regularizing favelas in Brazil 6.6 How railway dwellers in Mumbai managed their own resettlement 6.7 Mexico City’s search for metropolitan management arrangements 6.8 Leading the advance on urban settlement growth in Lima 7.1 Democracy, leadership, and decentralization in Latin America 7.2 Brazil: changing the rules of the game for better public services 7.3 Civil society and governance 7.4 National policy can generate excessive urban concentration 7.5 Perverse sugar subsidies in the United States 7.6 Perverse energy subsidies in the Islamic Republic of Iran 7.7 Aid and compensation to address obstacles to reform in the Russian Federation’s coal sector 7.8 Cameroon: the path to improved forest governance 7.9 Partnership for sustainable fisheries 7.10 Malaysia: ethnic diversity, conflict resolution, and development 7.11 Improving the process: the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project 8.1 An adaptive, learning institution 8.2 “Coupling institutions” and policy entrepreneurs in Costa Rica and Bolivia 8.3 Poverty and biodiversity in Madagascar 8.4 The Nile Basin Initiative 8.5 Costa Rica’s program of payment for environmental services 8.6 Municipal incentives for conservation 8.7 Tradable forest obligations efficiently meeting conservation goals 8.8 The Prototype Carbon Fund and the carbon market 9.1 Think spatially 9.2 Problem solving by think-and-do tanks 9.3 A big push—to address spillovers and seize opportunities 9.4 Millennium Development Goals (1990–2015) 9.5 Outcome of the International Conference on Financing for Development, Monterrey, Mexico Figures 1.1 Global population approaching stability 1.2 Some regions growing fast, others stable 1.3 Dependency ratios on the decline—for a while 2.1 Adjusted net savings rates by per capita GDP level, 1999 2.2 How society’s assets enhance human well-being 2.3 Very different environmental outcomes with the same growth rates 2.4 Reducing emissions in Mexico City 2.5 Mechanisms to address market and policy failures 3.1 Social norms, rules, and organizations for coordinating human behavior 3.2 Growing participation in civil society organizations, 1981–97 3.3 The relationship between institutional quality and national income 3.4 Concentration of dust particles 3.5 More mayors in Latin America are elected locally—by citizens or by elected city councils 4.1 Rural population growth rate relative to share of total population on fragile land 4.2 Arid lands of the world 4.3 Rainfall in the Sahel, 1950–2000 4.4 Mountainous areas of the world 5.1 Regional variations in land scarcity 5.2 Regional variations in water scarcity 6.1 Many developing countries are undergoing urban transition with relatively high urban population growth rates 6.2 Poverty in Cali, Colombia: 1999 headcount rates 6.3 High inequality in health outcomes in urban areas 7.1 Lead in gasoline and in blood in the United States, 1975–90 7.2 Unsustained growth performance is closely associated with point-source natural resources, and conflict 7.3 Angola: real GDP per capita, 1960–96 8.1 Current land use in closed canopy forest deforested in 1990–2000 8.2 Fossil fuel–intensive and climate-friendly scenarios, 1990–2100 Tables 2.1 Toward adjusted net savings, 1999 2.2 Examples of types of externalities addressed in each spatial arena 2.3 The benefits of full-cost energy pricing 4.1 Environmental fragility in developing countries 4.2 Regional distribution of people living on fragile land 4.3 Share of population on fragile land, countries in conflict, and rural population growth 5.1 The capacity of institutions to sense problems, balance interests, and implement solutions 6.1 Urban environmental issues and status by level of city development 6.2 Environmental health, welfare, and living conditions vary by city product 7.1 Civil conflict and reported homicides

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