1.
World Bank 2001h CD Rom (SIMA 349). 2.
Chen and Ravallion (2000). 3.
World Bank 2001h CD Rom (SIMA 349). 4.
World Bank 2001h CD Rom (SIMA 349). 5.
World Bank 2001h CD Rom (SIMA 349). 6. The quality and coverage of the household survey data
used to measure poverty have improved dramatically in the past 10 to 15 years,
and the World Bank has played an important role in facilitating this
improvement. Since 1990, the Bank's $1 per day poverty estimates have drawn
fully on these new data. However, the paucity of adequate survey data for the
past naturally makes estimation over longer periods more hazardous. In
Globalization, Growth and Poverty (World Bank 2002g)
(World Bank 2002g)
(World Bank 2002g)
(World Bank 2002g), it was estimated that the number of people living
below $1 per day had fallen by 200 million between 1980 and 1998. As noted in
the Report, that estimate had to draw on two different sources that used
different methods. Further checks using more consistent methods corroborate the
earlier estimate. These estimates also suggest that if China were excluded,
there would have been little or no net decline in the total number of poor
people. 7. In 1978 China abandoned its reliance on collective
agriculture, sharply increased the prices paid for agricultural goods, and
dramatically increased the role of market signals and foreign investment. 8. Brown and others (2001).
World Watch Institute's estimates based on national-level surveys of
body weight by the United Nations (U.N.) and the World Health Organization
(WHO). 9.
World Bank 2001i. 10.
World Bank 2001h;
Sambanis (2000, p. 13). 11.
UNDP, UNEP, and others (1999). 12.
UNDP, UNEP, and others (1999). 13.
UNDP, UNEP, and others (1999). 14. Available at World Bank Group, "Access
to Safe Water," <http://www.worldban
k.org/depweb/english/modules/environm/water/> (2000).
15. UNEP (1997b);
Scherr (1999); Scherr and Yadav (1996); White, Murray and others
(2002); Cosgrove and Rijsberman (2000).
16.
World Bank (2001c). 17.
UNDP, UNEP, and others (1999). 18. Myers, Mittermeier, and others (2000). 19.
UNDP, UNEP, and others (1999). 20.
UNDP, UNEP, and others (1999). 21.
World Bank (2001c). 22. Social change and cultural evolution have also been
speeding up, but not uniformly within or across societies. Some cultures are
less able to adapt to speed of change even if they wanted to, while others may
not even want to.
23. Inconsistencies between human and natural processes manifest themselves
spatially (location-specific sources and sinks) and at different scales.
24. Until recently, the carbon emissions generated by
energy-intensive activities (that rely on fossil fuels, such as coal) did not
affect global temperatures because they had not exceeded the bioshere's
absorptive capacity. Now more expensive alternatives are needed to avoid
further damage. 25.
Dasgupta (2002). 26.
Yi (2002). 27.
Bloom and Williamson (1997). 28. Much like the dynamics by which teams become more
creative, populations moving to cities go through stages of forming, storming,
norming, and performing. Forming occurs when individuals with different
backgrounds come together; storming, when their different perspectives
clash; norming, when more inclusive norms evolve; and performing,
when constructive behavior replaces destructive behavior. The result is that
cities, in the best cases, become centers where different cultural values come
together and jointly develop more inclusive values to accommodate different
perspectives and provide space for different subgroups to specialize and
innovate.
29. The complete series for developing and for
high-income countries for 1950-2050 were created using various interpolations
and extrapolations of existing data while maintaining consistency with
available World Bank and U.N. control totals. Estimates for size classes of
100,000 population and more were made using the following sources: U.N. and
World Bank control totals for urban population in developing and high-income
countries; U.N.,
World Urbanization Prospects, 1999 Revision,digital files from
the
U.N. Population Division; and the database of cities above 100,000
population compiled for the
U.N.-HABITATSuccessful Cities project. (World Bank projections for
urban population are lower than those of the U.N. and closer to those of the
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, as they assume a slower
growth rate for most countries.) The populations of smaller towns (those with
populations of less than 100,000) were calculated as the residual of total
urban population as indicated by U.N. and World Bank sources minus the total
estimated population of cities larger than 100,000. 30.
Krugman (1998);
Gallup and Sachs (1998).
31.
Henderson, Shalizi, and Venables (2001). 32. Meaningfully evaluating the consequences or
probabilities of outcomes, tradeoffs, and priorities becomes difficult, if not
impossible, without the appropriate data and information. For environmental and
social variables, there may be some time-series data at the local level, but
there are rarely equivalent disaggregated data for GDP variables. At the
national level, the situation is often reversed. This obstructs any attempt to
quantitatively model or assess changes over time or their determinants. This
Report relies heavily on case studies that are thought to be
representative.
